Author Guidelines

1. Title Page

The title must be brief, informative, and accurately reflect the manuscript content.

2. Abstract

Write a self-contained abstract of 150–300 words. Include: (1) background/topic, (2) objective, (3) scope or methods, (4) important results, and (5) main findings/conclusion. Use complete sentences, active verbs, and generally the past tense. Use standard nomenclature and avoid abbreviations where possible. Do not cite references.

3. Keywords

Provide 3–7 keywords representing the main topic, arranged logically. Avoid repeating title words unless necessary. Example: animal health, broiler chicken, feed efficiency, tropical livestock, veterinary science.

4. Introduction

Present the research background, scientific/practical problem, relevant previous studies, research gap or novelty, and study objective.

5. Materials and Methods

Provide sufficient detail for reproducibility, including where applicable: study location and period; research design; animals/samples/materials; animal management or treatments; feed/reagents/instruments; procedures; data collection; statistical analysis; and ethical approval. Cite previously published methods and explain important modifications. Use subheadings for clarity. For trade names, capitalize them and provide manufacturer name/address when necessary.

6. Results and Discussion

Results : Present findings clearly and systematically, generally in the past tense. Explain findings without extensive interpretation; place interpretation and comparison in the Discussion. Tables and figures may support the text, but do not duplicate the same data in both.

Discussion : Interpret the main findings in relation to the objectives and previous studies. Include scientific explanation, implications for tropical animal husbandry/veterinary science, and, where relevant, study limitations and suggestions for future research. Avoid repeating all numerical results.

7. Conclusion

Keep the conclusion brief and directly linked to the objectives and findings. Reinforce the main finding and provide a clear closing statement. Do not repeat the abstract, introduce new data, or make unsupported claims.

8. Acknowledgements

May include contributions from individuals or institutions who do not qualify as authors, such as technical/field assistance, facilities, materials, language editing, institutional support, and funding. Obtain permission from people named in this section.

9. Authors’ Contributions

For multi-author manuscripts, state each author's substantive contribution to study conception/design, data acquisition or analysis, manuscript drafting/critical revision, final approval, and accountability. Funding acquisition, data collection, or general supervision alone does not justify authorship.

Example: AB conducted the molecular genetic studies and drafted the manuscript. CD performed the statistical analysis. EF contributed to study design. GH coordinated the research and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.

10. Ethics Declaration for Animal Research

For research involving live vertebrates and/or higher invertebrates, include an ethics statement in Materials and Methods. State the approving ethics/licensing committee, approval number (if available), compliance with relevant guidelines/regulations, and adherence to animal welfare principles. Where applicable, authors are encouraged to follow ARRIVE or other recognized animal-research guidelines.

Example: All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of [Institution Name], approval number [insert number]. All experiments complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines for animal care and use.

11. Competing Interests / Conflict of Interest

Authors must disclose any competing interests or conflicts that could influence the research or publication process. Example: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. If a conflict exists, describe it clearly.

12. References

References must follow APA 7th edition style and be arranged alphabetically by the first author’s surname and chronologically for multiple works by the same author.

Journal titles must be written in full. Author names and journal titles originally published in non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated into English. DOIs or article links should be provided whenever available.